A dataset provided by the European Space Agency

Name: Combined INTEGRAL and XMM-Newton spectroscopy of Seyfert Galaxies
Published: 2025-03-25T09:54:29Z

Proposal ID	0120187
Obs ID	01201870005
Title	Combined INTEGRAL and XMM-Newton spectroscopy of Seyfert Galaxies
Download Data Associated to the proposal	https://isla.esac.esa.int/tap/download/bundle?format=ascii_curl&product_id=prop_id:0120187
DOI	https://doi.org/10.57780/esa-49b9xxt
Author	Barr
Abstract	We propose short (90ksec) INTEGRAL observations of five bright Seyfert galaxies, to be performed simultaneously with XMM-Newton. The principle goals of the INTEGRAL study are to measure, with very high precision, the spectral properties of the Compton reflection bump and the high energy cutoff. We have selected a range of Seyfert types in order to search for any systematic effects of the reflection due to the inclinations of these systems to the line of sight.The XMM-Newton simultaneous observations are essential to the achieve the goals of this proposal, especially in measuring the reflection bump. A good knowledge of the complex 2-15keV spectrum is needed to model the gamma-ray spectrum with the precision required. In most cases JEM-X would only give four or five independent spectral points, but the use of EPIC would nail down the X-ray tail with extremely high accuracy and in particular determine the ionisation state of the reflecting material.We will apply for XMM-Newton time in their AO2. The execution of this proposal would be conditional on the success of the XMM-Newton proposal.
Publications	2003-2005 INTEGRAL and XMM-Newton observations of 3C 273 - Chernyakova, M., Neronov, A.,Courvoisier, T. J. -L.,Turler, M.,Soldi, S.,Beckmann, V.,Lubinski, P.,Walter, R.,Page, K. L.,Stuhlinger, M.,Staubert, R.,McHardy, I. M. (2007-04-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2007A&A...465..147C 20-100 keV properties of cataclysmic variables detected in the INTEGRAL/IBIS survey - Barlow, E. J., Knigge, C.,Bird, A. J.,J Dean, A.,Clark, D. J.,Hill, A. B.,Molina, M.,Sguera, V. (2006-10-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2006MNRAS.372..224B 236 Minima Timings of Eclipsing Binaries Observed by Integral OMC - Sobotka, P., (2007-12-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2007IBVS.5809....1S A comprehensive analysis of the hard X-ray spectra of bright Seyfert galaxies - Lubinski, P., Beckmann, V.,Gibaud, L.,Paltani, S.,Papadakis, I. E.,Ricci, C.,Soldi, S.,Turler, M.,Walter, R.,Zdziarski, A. A. (2016-05-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2016MNRAS.458.2454L A deep INTEGRAL hard X-ray survey of the 3C 273/Coma region - Paltani, S., Walter, R.,McHardy, I. M.,Dwelly, T.,Steiner, C.,Courvoisier, T. J. -L. (2008-07-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2008A&A...485..707P A description of sources detected by INTEGRAL during the first 4 years of observations - Bodaghee, A., Courvoisier, T. J. -L.,Rodriguez, J.,Beckmann, V.,Produit, N.,Hannikainen, D.,Kuulkers, E.,Willis, D. R.,Wendt, G. (2007-05-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2007A&A...467..585B Broad-band study of hard X-ray-selected absorbed active galactic nuclei - de Rosa, A., Panessa, F.,Bassani, L.,Bazzano, A.,Bird, A.,Landi, R.,Malizia, A.,Molina, M.,Ubertini, P. (2012-03-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2012MNRAS.420.2087D Bulk Compton motion in the luminous quasar 4C04.42? - de Rosa, A., Bassani, L.,Ubertini, P.,Malizia, A.,Dean, A. J. (2008-07-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2008MNRAS.388L..54D Contribution of the Accretion Disk, Hot Corona, and Obscuring Torus to the Luminosity of Seyfert Galaxies: INTEGRAL and Spitzer Observations - Sazonov, S., Willner, S. P.,Goulding, A. D.,Hickox, R. C.,Gorjian, V.,Werner, M. W.,Churazov, E.,Krivonos, R.,Revnivtsev, M.,Sunyaev, R.,Jones, C.,Murray, S. S.,Vikhlinin, A.,Fabian, A. C.,Forman, W. R. (2012-10-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2012ApJ...757..181S Diffuse Galactic emission spectrum between 0.5 and 8.0 MeV - Siegert, Thomas, Berteaud, Joanna,Calore, Francesca,Serpico, Pasquale D.,Weinberger, Christoph (2022-04-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2022A&A...660A.130S Discovery of the Radio and X-Ray Counterpart of TeV γ-Ray Source HESS J1731-347 - Tian, W. W., Leahy, D. A.,Haverkorn, M.,Jiang, B. (2008-06-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2008ApJ...679L..85T Dose Measured On-Board INTEGRAL After More Than 12 Years in Space - Claret, Arnaud, Laurent, Philippe,Sauvageon, Aymeric,Savchenko, Volodymyr (2015-12-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2015ITNS...62.2784C Extreme relativistic electron fluxes in the Earths outer radiation belt: Analysis of INTEGRAL IREM data - Meredith, Nigel P., Horne, Richard B.,Sandberg, Ingmar,Papadimitriou, Constantinos,Evans, Hugh D. R. (2017-07-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2017SpWea..15..917M Global characteristics of GRBs observed with INTEGRAL and the inferred large population of low-luminosity GRBs - Foley, S., McGlynn, S.,Hanlon, L.,McBreen, S.,McBreen, B. (2008-06-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2008A&A...484..143F Hard X-ray bursts detected by the IBIS telescope onboard the INTEGRAL observatory in 2003 2004 - Chelovekov, I. V., Grebenev, S. A.,Sunyaev, R. A. (2006-07-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2006AstL...32..456C Hard X-ray emission from the Galactic ridge - Krivonos, R., Revnivtsev, M.,Churazov, E.,Sazonov, S.,Grebenev, S.,Sunyaev, R. (2007-03-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2007A&A...463..957K Hard X-ray properties of magnetic cataclysmic variables - Scaringi, S., Bird, A. J.,Norton, A. J.,Knigge, C.,Hill, A. B.,Clark, D. J.,Dean, A. J.,McBride, V. A.,Barlow, E. J.,Bassani, L.,Bazzano, A.,Fiocchi, M.,Landi, R. (2010-02-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2010MNRAS.401.2207S Hard-X-ray spectra of active galactic nuclei in the INTEGRAL complete sample - Molina, M., Bassani, L.,Malizia, A.,Stephen, J. B.,Bird, A. J.,Bazzano, A.,Ubertini, P. (2013-08-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2013MNRAS.433.1687M High-energy emission processes in M87 - de Jong, S., Beckmann, V.,Soldi, S.,Tramacere, A.,Gros, A. (2015-07-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2015MNRAS.450.4333D INTEGRAL 11-year hard X-ray survey above 100 keV - Krivonos, R., Tsygankov, S.,Lutovinov, A.,Revnivtsev, M.,Churazov, E.,Sunyaev, R. (2015-04-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2015MNRAS.448.3766K INTEGRAL/IBIS 7-year All-Sky Hard X-Ray Survey. II. Catalog of sources - Krivonos, R., Tsygankov, S.,Revnivtsev, M.,Grebenev, S.,Churazov, E.,Sunyaev, R. (2010-11-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2010A&A...523A..61K INTEGRAL/IBIS 7-year All-Sky Hard X-ray Survey. I. Image reconstruction - Krivonos, R., Revnivtsev, M.,Tsygankov, S.,Sazonov, S.,Vikhlinin, A.,Pavlinsky, M.,Churazov, E.,Sunyaev, R. (2010-09-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2010A&A...519A.107K INTEGRAL/IBIS all-sky survey in hard X-rays - Krivonos, R., Revnivtsev, M.,Lutovinov, A.,Sazonov, S.,Churazov, E.,Sunyaev, R. (2007-11-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2007A&A...475..775K INTEGRAL/IBIS and Swift/XRT observations of hard cataclysmic variables - Landi, R., Bassani, L.,Dean, A. J.,Bird, A. J.,Fiocchi, M.,Bazzano, A.,Nousek, J. A.,Osborne, J. P. (2009-01-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2009MNRAS.392..630L INTEGRAL IBIS Census of the Sky Beyond 100 keV - Bazzano, A., Stephen, J. B.,Fiocchi, M.,Bird, A. J.,Bassani, L.,Dean, A. J.,Malizia, A.,Ubertini, P.,Lebrun, F.,Walter, R.,Winkler, C. (2006-09-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2006ApJ...649L...9B INTEGRAL/IBIS deep extragalactic survey: M81, LMC and 3C 273/Coma fields - Mereminskiy, Ilya A., Krivonos, Roman A.,Lutovinov, Alexander A.,Sazonov, Sergey Yu.,Revnivtsev, Mikhail G.,Sunyaev, Rashid A. (2016-06-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2016MNRAS.459..140M INTEGRAL IBIS Extragalactic Survey: Active Galactic Nuclei Selected at 20-100 keV - Bassani, L., Molina, M.,Malizia, A.,Stephen, J. B.,Bird, A. J.,Bazzano, A.,Belanger, G.,Dean, A. J.,De Rosa, A.,Laurent, P.,Lebrun, F.,Ubertini, P.,Walter, R. (2006-01-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2006ApJ...636L..65B INTEGRAL insight into the inner parts of the Galaxy. High mass X-ray binaries - Lutovinov, A., Revnivtsev, M.,Gilfanov, M.,Shtykovskiy, P.,Molkov, S.,Sunyaev, R. (2005-12-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2005A&A...444..821L INTEGRAL search for magnetar giant flares from the Virgo Cluster and in nearby galaxies with high star formation rate - Pacholski, Dominik Patryk, Arrigoni, Edoardo,Mereghetti, Sandro,Salvaterra, Ruben (2024-12-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2024MNRAS.535.3656P Kinematics of massive star ejecta in the Milky Way as traced by ²⁶Al - Kretschmer, Karsten, Diehl, Roland,Krause, Martin,Burkert, Andreas,Fierlinger, Katharina,Gerhard, Ortwin,Greiner, Jochen,Wang, Wei (2013-11-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2013A&A...559A..99K Leptonic origin of the 100 MeV γ-ray emission from the Galactic centre - Malyshev, D., Chernyakova, M.,Neronov, A.,Walter, R. (2015-10-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2015A&A...582A..11M Masses and accretion rates of supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei from the INTEGRAL survey - Khorunzhev, G. A., Sazonov, S. Yu.,Burenin, R. A.,Tkachenko, A. Yu. (2012-08-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2012AstL...38..475K New hard X-ray sources discovered in the ongoing INTEGRAL Galactic plane survey after 14 yr of observations - Krivonos, Roman A., Tsygankov, Sergey S.,Mereminskiy, Ilya A.,Lutovinov, Alexander A.,Sazonov, Sergey Yu.,Sunyaev, Rashid A. (2017-09-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2017MNRAS.470..512K New INTEGRAL sources and TeV emission - Walter, Roland, (2007-06-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2007Ap&SS.309....5W OMC/INTEGRAL photometric observations of pulsating components in eclipsing binaries and characterization of DY Aqr - Alfonso-Garzon, J., Montesinos, B.,Moya, A.,Mas-Hesse, J. M.,Martin-Ruiz, S. (2014-10-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2014MNRAS.443.3022A Probing clumpy stellar winds with a neutron star - Walter, R., Zurita Heras, J. (2007-12-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2007A&A...476..335W Progressive steepening of the SNR RX J1713.7-3946 X-ray spectrum from XMM-Newton to INTEGRAL - Kuznetsova, Ekaterina, Krivonos, Roman,Churazov, Eugene,Lyskova, Natalia,Lutovinov, Alexander (2019-10-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2019MNRAS.489.1828K Reflection in Seyfert galaxies and the unified model of AGN - Ricci, C., Walter, R.,Courvoisier, T. J. -L.,Paltani, S. (2011-08-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2011A&A...532A.102R Search for 511 keV emission in satellite galaxies of the Milky Way with INTEGRAL/SPI - Siegert, Thomas, Diehl, Roland,Vincent, Aaron C.,Guglielmetti, Fabrizia,Krause, Martin G. H.,Boehm, Celine (2016-10-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2016A&A...595A..25S Spatial clustering and halo occupation distribution modelling of local AGN via cross-correlation measurements with 2MASS galaxies - Krumpe, Mirko, Miyaji, Takamitsu,Coil, Alison L.,Aceves, Hector (2018-02-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2018MNRAS.474.1773K Studying the long-time variability of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 4388 with INTEGRAL and Swift - Fedorova, E. V., Beckmann, V.,Neronov, A.,Soldi, S. (2011-10-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2011MNRAS.417.1140F ²⁶Al gamma rays from the Galaxy with INTEGRAL/SPI - Pleintinger, Moritz M. M., Diehl, Roland,Siegert, Thomas,Greiner, Jochen,Krause, Martin G. H. (2023-04-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2023A&A...672A..53P The 1st INTEGRAL SPI-ACS gamma-ray burst catalogue - Rau, A., Kienlin, A. V.,Hurley, K.,Lichti, G. G. (2005-08-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2005A&A...438.1175R The catalog of variable sources detected by INTEGRAL. I. Catalog and techniques - Telezhinsky, I., Eckert, D.,Savchenko, V.,Neronov, A.,Produit, N.,Courvoisier, T. J. -L. (2010-11-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2010A&A...522A..68T The coronal temperature of NGC 4388 and NGC 2110 measured with INTEGRAL - Ursini, F., Bassani, L.,Malizia, A.,Bazzano, A.,Bird, A. J.,Stephen, J. B.,Ubertini, P. (2019-09-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2019A&A...629A..54U The Deep Look at the Hard X-Ray Sky: The Swift-INTEGRAL X-Ray (SIX) Survey - Bottacini, Eugenio, Ajello, Marco,Greiner, Jochen (2012-08-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2012ApJS..201...34B The First INTEGRAL AGN Catalog - Beckmann, V., Gehrels, N.,Shrader, C. R.,Soldi, S. (2006-02-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2006ApJ...638..642B The Fourth IBIS/ISGRI Soft Gamma-ray Survey Catalog - Bird, A. J., Bazzano, A.,Bassani, L.,Capitanio, F.,Fiocchi, M.,Hill, A. B.,Malizia, A.,McBride, V. A.,Scaringi, S.,Sguera, V.,Stephen, J. B.,Ubertini, P.,Dean, A. J.,Lebrun, F.,Terrier, R.,Renaud, M.,Mattana, F.,Gotz, D.,Rodriguez, J.,Belanger, G.,Walter, R.,Winkler, C. (2010-01-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2010ApJS..186....1B The Galactic Bulge Diffuse Emission in Broadband X-Rays with NuSTAR - Perez, Kerstin, Krivonos, Roman,Wik, Daniel R. (2019-10-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2019ApJ...884..153P The Hard X-Ray 20-40 keV AGN Luminosity Function - Beckmann, V., Soldi, S.,Shrader, C. R.,Gehrels, N.,Produit, N. (2006-11-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2006ApJ...652..126B The hard X-ray view of bright infrared galaxies - Walter, R., Cabral, N. (2009-04-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2009A&A...497...97W The high energy spectrum of 3C 273 - Esposito, V., Walter, R.,Jean, P.,Tramacere, A.,Turler, M.,Lahteenmaki, A.,Tornikoski, M. (2015-04-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2015A&A...576A.122E The IBIS Soft Gamma-Ray Sky after 1000 Integral Orbits - Bird, A. J., Bazzano, A.,Malizia, A.,Fiocchi, M.,Sguera, V.,Bassani, L.,Hill, A. B.,Ubertini, P.,Winkler, C. (2016-03-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2016ApJS..223...15B The INTEGRAL complete sample of type 1 AGN - Molina, M., Bassani, L.,Malizia, A.,Stephen, J. B.,Bird, A. J.,Dean, A. J.,Panessa, F.,de Rosa, A.,Landi, R. (2009-11-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2009MNRAS.399.1293M The INTEGRAL High-energy Cut-off Distribution of Type 1 Active Galactic Nuclei - Malizia, A., Molina, M.,Bassani, L.,Stephen, J. B.,Bazzano, A.,Ubertini, P.,Bird, A. J. (2014-02-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2014ApJ...782L..25M The INTEGRAL/IBIS AGN catalogue: an update - Malizia, A., Landi, R.,Molina, M.,Bassani, L.,Bazzano, A.,Bird, A. J.,Ubertini, P. (2016-07-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2016MNRAS.460...19M The INTEGRAL/IBIS AGN catalogue - I. X-ray absorption properties versus optical classification - Malizia, A., Bassani, L.,Bazzano, A.,Bird, A. J.,Masetti, N.,Panessa, F.,Stephen, J. B.,Ubertini, P. (2012-11-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2012MNRAS.426.1750M The INTEGRAL long monitoring of persistent ultra compact X-ray bursters - Fiocchi, M., Bazzano, A.,Ubertini, P.,Bird, A. J.,Natalucci, L.,Sguera, V. (2008-12-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2008A&A...492..557F The multiwavelength variability of 3C 273 - Soldi, S., Turler, M.,Paltani, S.,Aller, H. D.,Aller, M. F.,Burki, G.,Chernyakova, M.,Lahteenmaki, A.,McHardy, I. M.,Robson, E. I.,Staubert, R.,Tornikoski, M.,Walter, R.,Courvoisier, T. J. -L. (2008-08-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2008A&A...486..411S The Second IBIS/ISGRI Soft Gamma-Ray Survey Catalog - Bird, A. J., Barlow, E. J.,Bassani, L.,Bazzano, A.,Belanger, G.,Bodaghee, A.,Capitanio, F.,Dean, A. J.,Fiocchi, M.,Hill, A. B.,Lebrun, F.,Malizia, A.,Mas-Hesse, J. M.,Molina, M.,Moran, L.,Renaud, M.,Sguera, V.,Shaw, S. E.,Stephen, J. B.,Terrier, R.,Ubertini, P.,Walter, R.,Willis, D. R.,Winkler, C. (2006-01-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2006ApJ...636..765B The second INTEGRAL AGN catalogue - Beckmann, V., Soldi, S.,Ricci, C.,Alfonso-Garzon, J.,Courvoisier, T. J. -L.,Domingo, A.,Gehrels, N.,Lubinski, P.,Mas-Hesse, J. M.,Zdziarski, A. A. (2009-10-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2009A&A...505..417B The spectral catalogue of INTEGRAL gamma-ray bursts. results of the joint IBIS/SPI spectral analysis - Bosnjak, Z., Gotz, D.,Bouchet, L.,Schanne, S.,Cordier, B. (2014-01-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2014A&A...561A..25B The Third IBIS/ISGRI Soft Gamma-Ray Survey Catalog - Bird, A. J., Malizia, A.,Bazzano, A.,Barlow, E. J.,Bassani, L.,Hill, A. B.,Belanger, G.,Capitanio, F.,Clark, D. J.,Dean, A. J.,Fiocchi, M.,Gotz, D.,Lebrun, F.,Molina, M.,Produit, N.,Renaud, M.,Sguera, V.,Stephen, J. B.,Terrier, R.,Ubertini, P.,Walter, R.,Winkler, C.,Zurita, J. (2007-05-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2007ApJS..170..175B Time Evolution of Flares in GRB 130925A: Jet Precession in a Black Hole Accretion System - Hou, Shu-Jin, Liu, Tong,Gu, Wei-Min,Lin, Da-Bin,Sun, Mou-Yuan,Wu, Xue-Feng,Lu, Ju-Fu (2014-01-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2014ApJ...781L..19H Type I X-ray Bursts Detected by the JEM-X Telescope Onboard the INTEGRAL Observatory in 2003-2015 - Chelovekov, I. V., Grebenev, S. A.,Mereminskiy, I. A.,Prosvetov, A. V. (2017-12-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2017AstL...43..781C Water megamaser emission in hard X-ray selected AGN - Panessa, F., Castangia, P.,Malizia, A.,Bassani, L.,Tarchi, A.,Bazzano, A.,Ubertini, P. (2020-09-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2020A&A...641A.162P X-ray absorption in INTEGRAL active galactic nuclei. Host galaxy inclination - Malizia, A., Bassani, L.,Stephen, J. B.,Bazzano, A.,Ubertini, P. (2020-07-01) http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2020A&A...639A...5M
Temporal Coverage	2003-07-21T16:45:01Z / 2003-07-23T09:41:56Z
Version	1.0
Mission Description	The INTEGRAL (International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory) mission, launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) on October 17, 2002, was designed to study high-energy phenomena in the universe. INTEGRAL was operating until february 2025 and it was equipped with three high-energy instruments: the Imager on Board the INTEGRAL Satellite (IBIS), the Spectrometer on INTEGRAL (SPI), and the JEM-X (Joint European Monitor for X-rays). Its Optical Monitoring Camera (OMC) provided optical V-band magnitude measurements, complementing the high-energy observations.
Creator Contact	https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/integral/helpdesk
Date Published	2025-03-25T09:54:29Z
Publisher And Registrant	European Space Agency
Credit Guidelines	European Space Agency, Barr, 2025, 'Combined INTEGRAL and XMM-Newton spectroscopy of Seyfert Galaxies', 1.0, European Space Agency, https://doi.org/10.57780/esa-49b9xxt