Understanding protostellar evolution is a necessary step towardcharacterizing the factors which ultimately determine the propertiesof emerging stars and their planetary systems. We propose PACSimaging and spectroscopy of protostars identified in Spitzer surveysof the Orion molecular cloud complex. This is the richest knownsample of protostars at a common distance within 450 pc of the Sun.Deep PACS 70 and 160 micron imaging will be obtained for 283protostars ranging in luminosity from 0.1 to 1000 Lsun and spanningthe Class 0, Class I and flat spectrum evolutionary phases. The highsensitivity and angular resolution will enable us to measurebolometric luminosities in crowded fields, removing potentiallysignificant contributions from external heating. In concert withexisting near-IR and Spitzer mid-IR images and spectra, the deep PACSimaging will be used to determine the fundamental properties of theprotostellar envelopes and disks (properties such as envelopestructure, density and angular momentum, disk luminosity). PACSspectroscopy of 37 protostars will be used to measure water vapor, OHand O lines arising in the envelope, in the accretion shock onto thecentral protostellar disk, and in outflows. These data will providean unparalleled view of the flow of material from the envelope ontothe disk, through the disk to the star, and away from the star inoutflows. The Orion molecular cloud complex contains an exceptionallywide range of parental gas conditions (i.e. initial conditions) andenvironments (from dense clusters to relatively isolated protostars).By comparing the properties of protostars in different regions ofOrion clouds; we will assess the roles of initial conditions,environment and feedback from outflows in guiding protostellarevolution. These observations will produce a unique legacy datasetfor guiding and testing a theory of protostellar evolution.
Publication
Results from HOPS: A multiwavelength census of Orion protostars | Fischer W. J. et al. | Astronomische Nachrichten Vol.334 Issue 1-2 p.53 | 334 | 10.1002/asna.201211761 | 2013AN....334...53F | http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AN....334...53F
Protostellar classification using supervised machine learning algorithms | Miettinen O. et al. | Astrophysics and Space Science Volume 363 Issue 9 article id. 197 15 pp. | 363 | 10.1007/s10509-018-3418-7 | 2018Ap&SS.363..197M | http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Ap%26SS.363..197M
Hier ist wahrhaftig ein Loch im Himmel. The NGC 1999 dark globule is not a globule | Stanke T. et al. | Astronomy and Astrophysics Volume 518 id.L94 5 pp. | 518 | 10.1051/0004-6361/201014612 | 2010A&A...518L..94S | http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010A%26A...518L..94S
An ALMA Survey of Protoplanetary Disks in Lynds 1641 | Grant Sierra L. et al. | The Astrophysical Journal | null | null | 2021ApJ...913..123G |
Searching Far and Long. I. Pilot ALMA 2 mm Follow-up of Bright Dusty Galaxies as a Redshift Filter | Cooper Olivia R. et al. | The Astrophysical Journal | null | null | 2022ApJ...930...32C |
A Multi-band Catalog of 10978 Star Clusters Associations and Candidates in the Milky Way | Bica Eduardo et al. | The Astronomical Journal Volume 157 Issue 1 article id. 12 14 pp. (2019). | 157 | 10.3847/1538-3881/aaef8d | 2019AJ....157...12B | http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AJ....157...12B
The Herschel Orion Protostar Survey: Spectral Energy Distributions and Fits Using a Grid of Protostellar Models | Furlan E. et al. | The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series Volume 224 Issue 1 article id. 5 45 pp. (2016). | 224 | 10.3847/0067-0049/224/1/5 | 2016ApJS..224....5F | http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJS..224....5F
An HST Survey of Protostellar Outflow Cavities: Does Feedback Clear Envelopes? | Habel Nolan M. et al. | The Astrophysical Journal | null | null | 2021ApJ...911..153H |
Predicted colors and flux densities of protostars in the Herschel PACS and SPIRE filters | Ali B. et al. | Astronomy and Astrophysics Volume 518 id.L119 4 pp. | 518 | 10.1051/0004-6361/201014599 | 2010A&A...518L.119A | http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010A%26A...518L.119A
The Herschel Orion Protostar Survey: Luminosity and Envelope Evolution | Fischer William J. et al. | The Astrophysical Journal Volume 840 Issue 2 article id. 69 17 pp. (2017). | 840 | 10.3847/1538-4357/aa6d69 | 2017ApJ...840...69F | http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...840...69F
Herschel-PACS imaging of protostars in the HH 1-2 outflow complex | Fischer W. J. et al. | Astronomy and Astrophysics Volume 518 id.L122 5 pp. | 518 | 10.1051/0004-6361/201014636 | 2010A&A...518L.122F | http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010A%26A...518L.122F
Herschel was launched on 14 May 2009! It is the fourth cornerstone mission in the ESA science programme. With a 3.5 m Cassegrain telescope it is the largest space telescope ever launched. It is performing photometry and spectroscopy in approximately the 55-671 µm range, bridging the gap between earlier infrared space missions and groundbased facilities.
European Space Agency, megeath et al., 2010, 'The Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS)', SPG v14.2.0, European Space Agency, https://doi.org/10.5270/esa-z4mw2kz
