The bolometric energy emerging from dusty star formation and active galactic nuclei (AGN) peaks at far-infrared wavelengths, which current deep surveys have barely been able to touch. Prior to Herschel, the best observations have been made at wavelengths that are either too long (submm) or too short (mid-IR) to detect the bulk of this emission. While planned Herschel surveys will advance the study of the most luminous objects, they will not be sensitive enough to explore the typical star forming galaxies from z=1 to 4 as well as to identify obscured AGN. We propose ultra-deep PACS imaging, complemented with SPIRE observations, to push the imaging potential of Herschel to its limits in the GOODS fields where the deepest probes at all other wavelengths are also (and will be) located. The 100 micron capability of PACS is uniquely matched to the needs of observing at or near the peak of redshifted emission from star formation and AGN activity, while avoiding the worst effects of confusion. With the proposed survey we will: (1) resolve most of the cosmic star formation rate density up to zvirgul4 ; (2) determine definitively star formation rates in both IR and UV selected galaxies down to the level where both SFR agree, up to z<1.5 and potentially up to zvirgul4 ; (3) identify the Compton-thick AGN responsible for the missing part of the cosmic X-ray background that remains unresolved in current surveys. Observing two widely separated fields will offset the effects of cosmic variance. The proposed observations will be fully 3 times deeper than the planned GT GOODS-South survey, reaching 0.6 mJy (5 sigma) at 100 micron over 1-3 of each GOODS field. We additionally propose modest PACS and SPIRE imaging to bring the coverage of the complete GOODS-N up to the level of the GT GOODS-S survey. By conducting the proposed survey in the GOODS fields, the resulting dataset will have lasting legacy and archival value.
Publication
The Role of Star Formation and an AGN in Dust Heating of z = 0.3-2.8 Galaxies. I. Evolution with Redshift and Luminosity . Kirkpatrick Allison et al. . The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 814, Issue 1, article id. 9, 24 pp. (2015). . 814 . 10.1088/0004-637X/814/1/9 . 2015ApJ...814....9K , The extragalactic background light revisited and the cosmic photon-photon opacity . Franceschini Alberto et al. . Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 603, id.A34, 17 pp. . 603 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201629684 . 2017A&A...603A..34F , On the Impact of Inclination-dependent Attenuation on Derived Star Formation Histories: Results from Disk Galaxies in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey Fields . Doore Keith et al. . The Astrophysical Journal . null . null . 2021ApJ...923...26D , The MOSDEF Survey: The Strong Agreement between Hα and UV-to-FIR Star Formation Rates for z virgul 2 Star-forming Galaxies . Shivaei Irene et al. . The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 820, Issue 2, article id. L23, 7 pp. (2016). . 820 . 10.3847/2041-8205/820/2/L23 . 2016ApJ...820L..23S , Far-infrared-detected Lyman-break galaxies at z virgul 3. Dust attenuation and dust correction factors at high redshift . Oteo I. et al. . Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 554, id.L3, 8 pp. . 554 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201321478 . 2013A&A...554L...3O , A Controlled Study of Cold Dust Content in Galaxies from z = 0-2 . Kirkpatrick Allison et al. . The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 843, Issue 1, article id. 71, 19 pp. (2017). . 843 . 10.3847/1538-4357/aa76dc . 2017ApJ...843...71K , Ide...ntification of z ≳ 2 Herschel 500 μM Sources Using Color Deconfusion . Shu X. W. et al. . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Volume 222, Issue 1, article id. 4, 29 pp. (2016). . 222 . 10.3847/0067-0049/222/1/4 . 2016ApJS..222....4S , EGG: hatching a mock Universe from empirical prescriptions⋆ . Schreiber C. et al. . Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 602, id.A96, 24 pp. . 602 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201629123 . 2017A&A...602A..96S , Nowhere to hide: Radio-faint AGN in the GOODS-N field. II. Multi-wavelength AGN selection techniques and host galaxy properties . Radcliffe J. F. et al. . Astronomy and Astrophysics . null . null . 2021A&A...649A..27R , The dust budget crisis in high-redshift submillimetre galaxies . Rowlands K. et al. . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 441, Issue 2, p.1040-1058 . 441 . 10.1093/mnras/stu605 . 2014MNRAS.441.1040R , A Submillimeter Perspective on the GOODS Fields (ER GOODS). V. Deep 450 μm Imaging . Barger A. J. et al. . The Astrophysical Journal . null . null . 2022ApJ...934...56B , The Evolving Interstellar Medium of Star-forming Galaxies, as Traced by Stardust . Kokorev Vasily I. et al. . The Astrophysical Journal . null . null . 2021ApJ...921...40K , “Super-deblended” Dust Emission in Galaxies. I. The GOODS-North Catalog and the Cosmic Star Formation Rate Density out to Redshift 6 . Liu Daizhong et al. . The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 853, Issue 2, article id. 172, 55 pp. (2018). . 853 . 10.3847/1538-4357/aaa600 . 2018ApJ...853..172L , GOODS-Herschel: radio-excess signature of hidden AGN activity in distant star-forming galaxies . Del Moro A. et al. . Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 549, id.A59, 28 pp. . 549 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201219880 . 2013A&A...549A..59D , The Evolving Interstellar Medium of Star-forming Galaxies since z = 2 as Probed by Their Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions . Magdis Georgios E. et al. . The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 760, Issue 1, article id. 6, 23 pp. (2012). . 760 . 10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/6 . 2012ApJ...760....6M , CO Emission in Infrared-selected Active Galactic Nuclei . Kirkpatrick Allison et al. . The Astrophysical Journal . null . null . 2019ApJ...879...41K , GOODS-Herschel: Impact of Active Galactic Nuclei and Star Formation Activity on Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions at High Redshift . Kirkpatrick Allison et al. . The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 759, Issue 2, article id. 139, 23 pp. (2012). . 759 . 10.1088/0004-637X/759/2/139 . 2012ApJ...759..139K , GOODS-Herschel: the impact of galaxy-galaxy interactions on the far-infrared properties of galaxies . Hwang H. S. et al. . Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 535, id.A60, 10 pp. . 535 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201117476 . 2011A&A...535A..60H , Black hole accretion preferentially occurs in gas-rich galaxies* . Vito F. et al. . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 441, Issue 2, p.1059-1065 . 441 . 10.1093/mnras/stu637 . 2014MNRAS.441.1059V , The Host Galaxies of X-Ray Quasars are Not Strong Star Formers . Barger A. J. et al. . The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 801, Issue 2, article id. 87, 15 pp. (2015). . 801 . 10.1088/0004-637X/801/2/87 . 2015ApJ...801...87B , Measures of galaxy dust and gas mass with Herschel photometry and prospects for ALMA . Berta S. et al. . Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 587, id.A73, 26 pp. . 587 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201527746 . 2016A&A...587A..73B , Mid-infrared luminous quasars in the GOODS-Herschel fields: a large population of heavily obscured, Compton-thick quasars at z ≈ 2 . Del Moro A. et al. . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 456, Issue 2, p.2105-2125 . 456 . 10.1093/mnras/stv2748 . 2016MNRAS.456.2105D , Evolution of cosmic star formation in the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey . Bourne N. et al. . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 467, Issue 2, p.1360-1385 . 467 . 10.1093/mnras/stx031 . 2017MNRAS.467.1360B , The spectral energy distribution of galaxies at z > 2.5: Implications from the Herschel-SPIRE color-color diagram . Yuan Fangting et al. . Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 582, id.A90, 16 pp. . 582 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201425497 . 2015A&A...582A..90Y , On the dust temperatures of high-redshift galaxies . Liang Lichen et al. . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . null . null . 2019MNRAS.489.1397L , An enhanced fraction of starbursting galaxies among high Eddington ratio AGNs . Bernhard E. et al. . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 460, Issue 1, p.902-916 . 460 . 10.1093/mnras/stw973 . 2016MNRAS.460..902B , Trident: A three-pronged galaxy survey. I. Lyman alpha emitting galaxies at z virgul 2 in GOODS North . Sandberg A. et al. . Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 580, id.A91, 23 pp. . 580 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201525728 . 2015A&A...580A..91S , GOODS-Herschel: a population of 24 μm dropout sources at z < 2 . Magdis G. E. et al. . Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 534, id.A15, 13 pp. . 534 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201117649 . 2011A&A...534A..15M , GOODS-Herschel: an infrared main sequence for star-forming galaxies . Elbaz D. et al. . Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 533, id.A119, 26 pp. . 533 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201117239 . 2011A&A...533A.119E , Evidence for a Wide Range of Ultraviolet Obscuration in z virgul 2 Dusty Galaxies from the GOODS-Herschel Survey . Penner Kyle et al. . The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 759, Issue 1, article id. 28, 8 pp. (2012). . 759 . 10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/28 . 2012ApJ...759...28P , GOODS-Herschel: identification of the individual galaxies responsible for the 80-290 μm cosmic infrared background . Leiton R. et al. . Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 579, id.A93, 22 pp. . 579 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201424931 . 2015A&A...579A..93L , Dust temperature and CO → H2 conversion factor variations in the SFR-M∗ plane . Magnelli B. et al. . Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 548, id.A22, 15 pp. . 548 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201220074 . 2012A&A...548A..22M , Observation and calibration strategies for large-scale multi-beam velocity-resolved mapping of the [CII] emission in the Orion molecular cloud . Higgins R. et al. . Astronomy and Astrophysics . null . null . 2021A&A...652A..77H , The Herschel view of the dominant mode of galaxy growth from z = 4 to the present day . Schreiber C. et al. . Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 575, id.A74, 29 pp. . 575 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201425017 . 2015A&A...575A..74S , The CANDELS-SHARDS Multiwavelength Catalog in GOODS-N: Photometry, Photometric Redshifts, Stellar Masses, Emission-line Fluxes, and Star Formation Rates . Barro Guillermo et al. . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . null . null . 2019ApJS..243...22B , Dust temperature and mid-to-total infrared color distributions for star-forming galaxies at 0 < z < 4 . Schreiber C. et al. . Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 609, id.A30, 25 pp. . 609 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201731506 . 2018A&A...609A..30S , A Submillimeter Perspective on the GOODS Fields (ER GOODS). I. An Ultradeep SCUBA-2 Survey of the GOODS-N . Cowie L. L. et al. . The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 837, Issue 2, article id. 139, 30 pp. (2017). . 837 . 10.3847/1538-4357/aa60bb . 2017ApJ...837..139C , A survey of the cold molecular gas in gravitationally lensed star-forming galaxies at z > 2 . Aravena M. et al. . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 457, Issue 4, p.4406-4420 . 457 . 10.1093/mnras/stw275 . 2016MNRAS.457.4406A , Mapping the average AGN accretion rate in the SFR-M* plane for Herschel-selected galaxies at 0 < z ≤ 2.5 . Delvecchio I. et al. . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 449, Issue 1, p.373-389 . 449 . 10.1093/mnras/stv213 . 2015MNRAS.449..373D , A massive galaxy in its core formation phase three billion years after the Big Bang . Nelson Erica et al. . Nature, Volume 513, Issue 7518, pp. 394-397 (2014). . 513 . 10.1038/nature13616 . 2014Natur.513..394N , GOODS-Herschel: Gas-to-dust Mass Ratios and CO-to-H2 Conversion Factors in Normal and Starbursting Galaxies at High-z . Magdis Georgios E. et al. . The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 740, Issue 1, article id. L15, 6 pp. (2011). . 740 . 10.1088/2041-8205/740/1/L15 . 2011ApJ...740L..15M , The ultraviolet to far-infrared spectral energy distribution of star-forming galaxies in the redshift desert . Oteo I. et al. . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 439, Issue 2, p.1337-1363 . 439 . 10.1093/mnras/stt2468 . 2014MNRAS.439.1337O , A dusty compact object bridging galaxies and quasars at cosmic dawn . Fujimoto S. et al. . Nature . null . null . 2022Natur.604..261F , Continuous Mid-Infrared Star Formation Rate Indicators: Diagnostics for 0 < z < 3 Star-Forming Galaxies . Battisti A. J. et al. . The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 800, Issue 2, article id. 143, 21 pp. (2015). . 800 . 10.1088/0004-637X/800/2/143 . 2015ApJ...800..143B , No Clear Submillimeter Signature of Suppressed Star Formation among X-Ray Luminous Active Galactic Nuclei . Harrison C. M. et al. . The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 760, Issue 1, article id. L15, 5 pp. (2012). . 760 . 10.1088/2041-8205/760/1/L15 . 2012ApJ...760L..15H , GOODS-Herschel: Separating High-redshift Active Galactic Nuclei and Star-forming Galaxies Using Infrared Color Diagnostics . Kirkpatrick Allison et al. . The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 763, Issue 2, article id. 123, 12 pp. (2013). . 763 . 10.1088/0004-637X/763/2/123 . 2013ApJ...763..123K , The Impact of Inclination-dependent Attenuation on Ultraviolet Star Formation Rate Tracers . Doore Keith et al. . The Astrophysical Journal . null . null . 2022ApJ...931...53D , GOODS-Herschel: Star Formation, Dust Attenuation, and the FIR-radio Correlation on the Main Sequence of Star-forming Galaxies up to z ≃4 . Pannella M. et al. . The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 807, Issue 2, article id. 141, 20 pp. (2015). . 807 . 10.1088/0004-637X/807/2/141 . 2015ApJ...807..141P , Optically Faint Massive Balmer Break Galaxies at zxa0>xa03 in the CANDELS-GOODS Fields . Alcalde Pampliega Belén et al. . The Astrophysical Journal . null . null . 2019ApJ...876..135A , Insights on star-formation histories and physical properties of 1.2 ≤z ≲ 4 Herschel-detected galaxies . Sklias P. et al. . Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 605, id.A29, 28 pp. . 605 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201628330 . 2017A&A...605A..29S , Rejuvenated galaxies with very old bulges at the origin of the bending of the main sequence and of the 'green valley. . Mancini Chiara et al. . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . null . null . 2019MNRAS.489.1265M , Piercing through Highly Obscured and Compton-thick AGNs in the Chandra Deep Fields. II. Are Highly Obscured AGNs the Missing Link in the Merger-triggered AGN-Galaxy Coevolution Models? . Li Junyao et al. . The Astrophysical Journal . null . null . 2020ApJ...903...49L , The HDUV Survey: A Revised Assessment of the Relationship between UV Slope and Dust Attenuation for High-redshift Galaxies . Reddy Naveen A. et al. . The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 853, Issue 1, article id. 56, 20 pp. (2018). . 853 . 10.3847/1538-4357/aaa3e7 . 2018ApJ...853...56R , The Molecular Gas Content of z = 3 Lyman Break Galaxies: Evidence of a Non-evolving Gas Fraction in Main-sequence Galaxies at z > 2 . Magdis Georgios E. et al. . The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 758, Issue 1, article id. L9, 5 pp. (2012). . 758 . 10.1088/2041-8205/758/1/L9 . 2012ApJ...758L...9M , NOEMA Redshift Measurements of Extremely Bright Submillimeter Galaxies near the GOODS-N . Jones Logan H. et al. . The Astrophysical Journal . null . null . 2021ApJ...916...46J , The emergence of passive galaxies in the early Universe . Santini P. et al. . Astronomy and Astrophysics . null . null . 2021A&A...652A..30S , The eMERGE Survey - I: Very Large Array 5.5 GHz observations of the GOODS-North Field . Guidetti D. et al. . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 471, Issue 1, p.210-226 . 471 . 10.1093/mnras/stx1162 . 2017MNRAS.471..210G , Mid-infrared Determination of Total Infrared Luminosity and Star Formation Rates of Local and High-redshift Galaxies . Rujopakarn W. et al. . The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 767, Issue 1, article id. 73, 15 pp. (2013). . 767 . 10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/73 . 2013ApJ...767...73R ,
Instrument
PACS_PacsPhoto_largeScan, SPIRE_SpirePhoto_large
Temporal Coverage
2010-04-20T00:03:00Z/2010-08-31T02:51:28Z
Version
SPG v14.2.0
Mission Description
Herschel was launched on 14 May 2009! It is the fourth 'cornerstone' mission in the ESA science programme. With a 3.5 m Cassegrain telescope it is the largest space telescope ever launched. It is performing photometry and spectroscopy in approximately the 55-671 µm range, bridging the gap between earlier infrared space missions and groundbased facilities.
